Symptoms of Male Infertility The primary symptom of male infertility is the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Unlike female infertility, which can sometimes present with additional symptoms such as irregular menstruation, male infertility is often asymptomatic. In some cases, men may experience:

• Problems with sexual function, such as erectile dysfunction or reduced libido
• Pain or swelling in the testicles
• Decreased facial or body hair, which may indicate hormonal imbalances
• Difficulty ejaculating or abnormal semen volume

If any of these symptoms are present, it is important to consult a doctor for a thorough evaluation.

Diagnosis of Male Infertility Diagnosing male infertility typically begins with a medical history review and a physical examination. To better understand the cause of infertility, the following tests may be performed:

• Semen Analysis: A key diagnostic tool, this test assesses sperm count, motility, shape, and overall semen quality.
• Blood Tests: These are used to check hormone levels, including testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are crucial for sperm production.
• Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or other imaging techniques may be used to identify structural issues such as blockages or varicoceles.
• Genetic Testing: In cases where a genetic issue is suspected, genetic testing can help identify abnormalities that may be affecting fertility.
• Testicular Biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of testicular tissue is taken to evaluate sperm production directly in the testicles.

Treatment Options for Male Infertility There are various treatment options available depending on the cause of male infertility. These may include:

• Medications: Hormonal imbalances can be treated with medications to regulate hormone levels, improving sperm production. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to treat infections affecting fertility.
• Surgical Interventions: Surgery can correct physical blockages, repair varicoceles, or reverse previous vasectomies.
• Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): For men with low sperm count or motility issues, ART techniques like IVF (In Vitro Fertilization), ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection), or sperm retrieval procedures like TESA or PESA can help achieve conception.
• Lifestyle Changes: Improving diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and reducing stress can all help improve sperm health and increase the chances of conception.